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    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><h1 id="国产芯片能破局吗？——目前的芯片"><a href="#国产芯片能破局吗？——目前的芯片" class="headerlink" title="国产芯片能破局吗？——目前的芯片"></a>国产芯片能破局吗？——目前的芯片</h1><hr>
<ul>
<li>本篇 【展锐】 文章来源</li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1SH4y1m7WP/?p=1&t=0">并非无解！先进封装技术，能打破国产芯片的困局吗？14nm+14nm &#x3D; 7nm？？光刻机被封锁，但是还能另辟蹊径！【深度报告】</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p>#国产芯片 #先进工艺</p>
<h2 id="ENIAC"><a href="#ENIAC" class="headerlink" title="ENIAC"></a>ENIAC</h2><blockquote>
<p>ENIAC，全称为 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer，即电子数字积分 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA/140338?fromModule=lemma_inlink">计算机</a>。ENIAC 是继 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/ABC/5534473?fromModule=lemma_inlink">ABC</a>（<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB-%E8%B4%9D%E7%91%9E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA/8177846?fromModule=lemma_inlink">阿塔纳索夫-贝瑞计算机</a>）之后的第二台电子计算机和第一台 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA/979088?fromModule=lemma_inlink">通用计算机</a>。<a href="%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91">^1</a>ENIAC为<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" title="美国陆军">美国陆军</a>的弹道研究实验室（BRL）所使用，用于计算<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%82%AE" title="火炮">火炮</a>的火力表。ENIAC在1946年公布的时候，就被当时的新闻赞誉为“巨脑”。它的计算速度比机电机器提高了一千倍。这是一个飞跃，之前没有任何一台单独的机器达到过这个速度。<a href="%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91">^3</a></p>
</blockquote>
<span id="more"></span> 

<p>要谈起来计算机历史，现在的书上第一章绪论里面围绕展开的便是 ENIAC 这样一台计算机，它于 1946 年 2 月 14 日在美国宣告诞生。确实，它的确是一台真真切切的计算器，从设计之初便是计划用于军事。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>第二次世界大战（英语：World War II，<strong>1931年9月18日&#x2F;1937年7月7日&#x2F;1939年9月1日 —1945年9月2日</strong> ），简称二战，亦称世界反法西斯战争，以 纳粹德国 、 意大利王国 、 大日本帝国 三个法西斯 轴心国 及仆从国与 反法西斯同盟 和全世界反法西斯力量进行的第二次全球规模的战争。<a href="%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%BF%85%E5%BA%94%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2">^2</a></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>ENIAC 长 30.48 米，宽 6 米，高 2.4 米，占地面积约 170 平方米，30 个 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%8F%B0/9892967?fromModule=lemma_inlink">操作台</a>，重达 30 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%A8/4172326?fromModule=lemma_inlink">英吨</a>，耗电量 150 千瓦，造价 48 万美元。它包含了 17,468 根 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1/2571057?fromModule=lemma_inlink">真空管</a>（电子管）7,200 根水晶 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1/102466?fromModule=lemma_inlink">二极管</a>，1,500 个中转，70,000 个 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8/10614576?fromModule=lemma_inlink">电阻器</a>，10,000 个 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8/1087619?fromModule=lemma_inlink">电容器</a>，1500 个继电器，6000 多个开关，计算速度是每秒 5000 次加法或 400 次乘法，是使用继电器运转的机电式计算机的 1000 倍、手工计算的 20 万倍。<a href="%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91">^1</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>耗电量150千瓦，是什么概念呢？维基百科上面写道，这最后导致有传言说，每当这台计算机启动时，费城的灯都变暗了。</p>
<h2 id="芯片的功耗-5"><a href="#芯片的功耗-5" class="headerlink" title="芯片的功耗[^5]"></a>芯片的功耗[^5]</h2><p>目前芯片功耗主要来自两个方面：信号引起的动态反转功耗，静态漏电功耗。动态功耗是占比重最大的功耗。</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>动态功耗</strong>是设备运行时或者说信号改变时所消耗的功耗</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>翻转功耗</strong>：又称开关功耗(Switching Power)<ul>
<li>是一个门电路对输出电容进行充电以及放电所需要的功耗</li>
<li>就是0与1切换所需要消耗的功耗</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>短路功耗</strong>：又称内部功耗(Internal Power)<ul>
<li>主要原因是短路</li>
<li>输入信号再反转时，信号的反转不可能瞬时完成</li>
<li>因此PMOS和NMOS不可能总是一个截止一个导通，总会有一段时间PMOS和NMOS同时导通</li>
<li>那么电源VDD到地VSS之间就回导通，形成短路电流。</li>
<li>当然，由于短路持续时间很短，短路功耗相比翻转功耗小很多，所以短路功耗可以忽略不计</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>静态功耗</strong>是设备上电但是信号没有改变时所消耗的功耗</p>
<ul>
<li>由于漏电引起的<ul>
<li>例如，在CMOS中有4个源头<ul>
<li>亚阈值漏电流(Sub-threshold Leakage, ISUB)<ul>
<li>亚阈值泄漏电流是晶体管应当截止时流过的电流</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>栅极漏电流(Gate Leakage, Igate)<ul>
<li>由于栅极氧化物隧穿和热载流子注入，从栅极直接通过氧化物流到衬底的电流</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>栅极感应漏电流(Gate Induced Drain Leakage, IGIDL)<ul>
<li>结泄漏电流发生在源或漏扩散区处在与衬底不同电位的情况下。结泄漏电流与其他泄漏电流相比时通常都很小</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>反向偏置结泄漏(Reverse Bias Junction Leakage ,IREV)<ul>
<li>由少数载流子漂移和在耗尽区产生电子&#x2F;空穴对引起</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>新的工艺主要有两个方面的改进：[^4]</p>
<ul>
<li>工艺更新换代后，驱动晶体管切换0或1状态只需要更小的电流，相应的也就是更低的电源电压。但低电压下的新工艺却带来与上一代相比更好的性能。而且动态反转的功耗是与电源电压的2次方成正比，因此会在性能不降低的情况下，动态功耗降低更明显。</li>
<li>另外一个方面，就是新器件会带来更好的漏电性能提升，第一代FinFET工艺下，漏电功耗可以控制在只有动态功耗的七分之一以内，新工艺只会有更多的改进。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>根据公式推导，在芯片<strong>功能满足</strong>的情况下，可以通过以下方面降低功耗</p>
<ul>
<li>降低电压</li>
<li>降低翻转率</li>
<li>减少负载电容</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>不同结构的功耗组成：</p>
<ul>
<li>时钟树功耗<ul>
<li>主要来源是时钟一直在翻转信号，所以时钟树功耗占SOC功耗40%左右，所以动态功耗特别大。（门控时钟技术）</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CPU<ul>
<li>CPU是SCO主控制器，工作时CPU保持打开，随着CPU频率升高，功耗也越高</li>
<li>目前分类大小核设计，不同场景用不同功耗的CPU核</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GPU<ul>
<li>并行处理单元，由于其算力主要来自多个模块并行计算，功耗也很大，所以很多SOC都不带GPU或者默认关闭</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>存储器<ul>
<li>DDR也需要时刻使用，功耗也较高</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>[^4]: 资料来源：知乎用户 豆角 迷途书童<br>[^5]: 资料来源：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/137937714">芯片设计进阶之路——低功耗深入理解（一） - 知乎 (zhihu.com)</a>，感谢_作者： 烓围玮未。 主要从事ISP&#x2F;MIPI&#x2F;SOC&#x2F;车规芯片设计</p>

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